Geography & Geology

The kingdom of Bhutan, nestled deep in the eastern Himalayas, is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China to the north, and the Indian territories of Assam and West Bengal to the south, with Arunachal Pradesh to the east and Sikkim to the west. With a total area of about 47,000 square kilometers, Bhutan spans between meridians 89°E and 93°E, and latitudes 27°N and 29°N. The country is characterized by three major geographic regions: the towering high Himalayas in the north, the hills and valleys of the interior, and the foothills and plains of the south. While the north is dominated by the majestic Himalayan mountains, with peaks soaring up to 7,000 meters (22,966 ft) above sea level, the south features the Duar Plain, sharply descending from the Himalayas into extensive semi-tropical forests, grasslands, and bamboo jungles. The diverse topography, including valleys of varying heights, makes Bhutan an ideal destination for both its native population and tourists alike.

Within Bhutan’s mainland, the valleys, each with distinct heights and topography, contribute to the country’s appeal. These valleys are traversed by four major river systems and their tributaries, ultimately draining into the Brahmaputra River in India. The valleys are connected by a series of passes, known as “La” in Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. Notable passes include the Chele La (3,780 meters or 12,402 ft) between the Haa Valley and Paro Valley, marking the highest pass crossed by a Bhutanese highway. The Dochu La (3,116 meters or 10,223 ft) along the Lateral Road from Thimphu to Punakha is adorned with 108 chortens, commemorating the expulsion of Assamese guerrillas. Further to the east, the Pele La (3,390 meters or 11,122 ft) stands east of Wangdue Phodrang. Continuing eastward, other major passes include the Yotang La, Thrumshing La, and Kori La (2,298 meters or 7,539 ft), adding to the captivating landscape of Bhutan.